Research
Aeronautics Division (Aircrew and
Air Traffic Control)
Staff selection
and training are particularly important in the field of aeronautics as
some 70% of all flying accidents are caused by human error. The
increasing computerization and automation in the fields of aviation and
air traffic control has led to a change in the distribution of roles
between humans and engineering systems. Although new technologies have
brought about a change in the professional requirements of pilots and
air traffic controllers, at their actual place of work their main task
will, as ever, involve bearing the responsibility for the entire system
and thus ensuring the reliability and safety of air traffic. Automatic
control and monitoring systems as well as different forms of information
transfer can make this task considerably easier; however, they still do
require an essential personal involvement changing from pure operational
demands to a high degree of systems management.
In order to prepare pilots and ATC staff for this new situation, special
effort has to be invested in psychological aptitude assessment and in
behavioural training. Apart from having to process information at a high
level of abstraction, personality factors are becoming increasingly
important professional criteria for operational staff, as well as the
non-technical skills. These include decision-making and problem-solving
in situations involving high stress, clear communication and cooperative
team management. PC technologies are becoming more and more common when
devising new evaluation methods for aerospace psychology as they enable
aptitude assessment and training to be designed more precisely and
economically than has previously been the case.
The findings of the DLR research related to selection and training can
be directly implemented in practice. Continuous scientific research and
development activity guarantee the high quality of the work carried out
at DLR and ensure that consideration is given to the latest trends in
aeronautical technology and changing requirements for operational staff.
Space Division
Selection and training of
operational personnel (scientific astronauts) is also of prime
importance in this division. Since 1977 DLR has been carrying out the
selection procedure and team training courses for space missions.
Missions:
- 2 national missions D1 and D2 (1981 and 1987): scientific astronauts
- 2 ESA selections: 1977 and 1991;
- 1 MIR mission with German involvement through DLR
Since 1977 scientific activities have concentrated on the effects of the
space environment on the state and mental performance of astronauts.
Three missions contained investigations and experiments from or
involving DLR: Mir'92 (1992), MIR'92E (1994/1995; 14-month stay in space.
World record!) and MIR'97 (1997).
See also
DLR astronaut training centre.
Target areas/Branches of research
The Department of Aviation and
Space Psychology at DLR is involved in many areas of research. Current
research is taking place in the following areas:
Selection and training of aviation personnel
- aptitude assessment: development and optimization of methods
One special area of research at the Department of Aviation and Space
Psychology is developing and optimizing methods of occupational
psychology for determining the potential of applicants. In the medium
term the main objectives are focused on expanding and optimizing the
behaviour-related personality diagnostics and the computer-assisted
aptitude tests. The success of these measures is monitored in regular
validation studies.
- personnel development: human factors training
About 70% of all flying accidents in commercial jet transport can be
attributed to crew error. Main causes of accidents due to human error
can be traced to shortcomings in information exchange, interpersonal
interaction, decision-making and psychological stress resistance. This
is why in the early nineties Deutsche Lufthansa AG and the DLR
Department of Aviation and Space Psychology developed a crew resource
management training scheme. This was then developed further by Deutsche
Lufthansa and optimized to meet individual company requirements. Current
focus in the field of personnel development is mainly on developing
assessment procedures for non-technical skills and evaluating training
courses.
- Intercultural transfer
DLR has been establishing pilot selection systems
on behalf of Deutsche Lufthansa AG in both the People's Republic of
China and on Taiwan in order to determine the professional aptitude of
young applicants. The difficulty lies in transferring psychological
aptitude tests developed in Germany to a different cultural and
linguistic environment. Extensive research thus determines which
sub-processes are affected in order to implement appropriate adaptations and
modifications.
Other international experience include psychological assessments in
Austria, Spain, Switzerland, Somalia, Cameroun, India, and Cuba.
DLR testing facilities outside Hamburg have been set up in
- Jakarta, Indonesia, run by the Indonesian Airforce
- Zurich, Switzerland, run by the Swiss Air Force
- Zurich, Switzerland, run by the Swiss Air Traffic Control 'Skyguide'
- Amman, Jordan, hosted by Royal Jordanian but run by DLR staff.
The testing facility in Amman offers other airlines in the Middle East a
convenient option to use our expertise outside Germany.
A mobile test equipment has been
developed for applications world wide ('Global Testing System').
Major publications since 1998
Höft, Stefan (2007): Die Bindungswirkung von Unternehmenspraktika im
Rahmen des Hochschulmarketings: Affektives Commitment als endogene und
exogene Variable. Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, 21 (1), Rainer
Hampp
Verlag, S. 5 - 21, ISSN 0179-6437
Johannes, Bernd; Salnitski, Vyacheslas; Rauch, Melina; Goeters,
Klaus-Martin; Maschke, Peter; Stelling, Dirk; Eißfeldt, Hinnerk (2007):
Performance assessment in flight simulator test - Validation of a space
psychology methodology. Acta Astronautica, 60, Elsevier, S. 379 - 382
Lorenz, Bernd; Biella, Marcus; Teegen, Uwe; Stelling, Dirk; Wenzel,
Jürgen; Jakobi, Jörn; Ludwig, Thomas; Korn, Bernd (2006): Performance,
situation awareness, and visual scanning of pilots receiving onboard
taxi navigation support during simulated airport surface operation.
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety
Höft, Stefan (2006): Editorial zum Themenheft "Assessment Center:
Fundierte
Lösungen für Personalauswahl und -entwicklung". Fischer, Lorenz; Gros,
Eckhard; Wehner, Theo [Hrsg.]: Wirtschaftspsychologie, 8 (4), Pabst
Science, S. 3 - 4, ISSN 16157729
Höft, Stefan; Lüth, Nina (2006): Ein computerbasiertes Trainingstool für
Assessment-Center-Beobachter. Fischer, Lorenz; Gros, Echkhard; Wehner,
Theo [Hrsg.]: Wirtschaftspsychologie, 4 (8), Pabst Science Publisher, S.
40 - 47, ISSN
1615-7729
Neubauer, Rainer; Höft, Stefan (2006): Standards der
Assessment-Center-Technik - Version 2004 - Überblick und
Hintergrundinformationen. Fischer, Lorenz; Gros, Echkhard; Wehner, Theo
[Hrsg.]: Wirtschaftspsychologie, 4
(8), Pabst Science Publisher, S. 77 - 82, ISSN 1615-7729
Marcus, Bernd; Höft, Stefan; Riediger, Michaela (2006): Integrity Tests
and the Five-Factor Model of personality: A review and empirical test of
two alternative positions. Salgado, Jesus; Ones, Deniz [Hrsg.]:
International Journal of Selection and Assessment, Blackwell Publishing,
S. 113 - 130, ISSN 0965-075X
Muck, Peter; Höft, Stefan; Hell, Benedikt; Schuler, Heinz (2006): Die
Konstruktion eines berufsbezogenen Persönlichkeitsfragebogens.
Diagnostica, 52 (2), Hogrefe Verlag, S. 76 - 87, DOI
10.1026/0012-1924.52.2.76
Höft, Stefan (2005): Assessment Center-Forschung und -Praxis: Zwei
getrennte Welten? Kleinmann, Martin; Schuler, Heinz; Sonntag, Karlheinz
[Hrsg.]: Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie, 4 (4), Hogrefe, S. 147 -
150, DOI 10.1026/1617-6391.4.4.147, ISSN 1617-6391
Höft, Stefan; Schümann-Sen, Mitra; Maschke, Peter (2005): Peer-Urteile
in einem Assessment Center zur Personalauswahl. Kleinmann, Martin;
Schuler, Heinz; Sonntag, Karlheinz [Hrsg.]: Zeitschrift für
Personalpsychologie, 4 (4), Hogrefe Verlag, S. 159 - 169, DOI
10.1026/1617-6391.4.4.159, ISSN 16176391
Haselton, Martie; Buss, David; Oubaid, Victor; Angleitner, Alois (2005):
Sex, lies, and strategic interference. Psychology Bulletin, 31 (1), S. 3
- 23
Höft, S. (2005): Persönlichkeitsfragebogen und/oder Assessment
Center? Ein Beispiel aus der Personalauswahl für Luftfahrtberufe zur
kombinierten Verwendung unterschiedlicher Diagnoseansätze. In:
Sünderhaupt, K.; Stumpf, S.; Höft, S. [Hrsg.]: Assessment Center - von
der Auftragsklärung bis zur Qualitätsssicherung, Pabst, S. 243 - 259,
ISBN 3899671813
Höft, S.; Lüth, N. (2005): Beobachteung und Bewertung im Assessment
Center. Gestaltungsmerkmale eines AC-Beobachtungssystems. In:
Sünderhaupt, K.; Stumpf, S.; Höft, S. [Hrsg.]: Assessment Center - von
der Auftragsklärung bis zur Qualitätssicherung, Pabst, S. 164 - 180,
ISBN 3899671813
Höft, S.; Schuler, H. (2005): Empirische Arbeits- und
Anforderungsanalysen: ein
Anwendungsbeispiel mit einem kombinierten aufgaben- verhaltens- und
eigenschaftsorientierten Analyseansatz. In: Sünderhaupt, K.; Stumpf, S.;
Höft, S.
[Hrsg.]: Assessment Center - von der Auftragsklärung bis zur
Qualitätsssicherung, Pabst, S. 72 - 88, ISBN 3899671813
Hörmann, H.-J. (2005): JAR-TEL results: Testing the cultural robustness
of NOTECHS method. In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation Psychology:
Practice and research, Ashgate, S. 273 - 286, ISBN 0754640175
Mascke, Peter (2005): The acceptance of ab initio selection methods.
Edkins, Graham; Nendick, Mike [Hrsg.]: Human Factors and Aerospace
Safety, 4 (3),
Ashgate, S. 225 - 232, ISSN 1468-9456-4-3
Oubaid, V. (2005): Qualitätsmanagement nach ISO 9000 in der beruflichen
Eignungsdiagnostik. In: Sünderhaupt, K.; Stumpf, S.; Höft, S. [Hrsg.]:
Assessment Center - von der Auftragsklärung bis zur Qualitätssicherung,
Pabst, S. 389 - 400, ISBN 3899671813
Sünderhaupt, K.; Stumpf, S.; Höft, S. (2005): In: Sünderhaupt, K.;
Stumpf, S.;
Höft, S. [Hrsg.]: Assessment Center - von der Auftragsklärung bis zur
Qualitätssicherung, Pabst, S. 5 - 445, ISBN 3899671813
Damitz, M.; Eißfeldt, H. (2004): The relevance of general cognitive
ability (g) for training success of abinitio air traffic controllers.
In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation Psychology: Practice and Research,
Ashgate, S. 135 - 140, ISBN
0754640175
Eißfeldt, H. (2004): Cost saving: the use of biodata to improve
selection
efficiency in aviation. In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation Psychology:
Practice and Research, Ashgate, S. 209 - 217, ISBN 0754640175
Goeters, K.-M. (2004): In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation Psychology:
Practice and Research, Ashgate, S. 1 - 380, ISBN 0754640175
Goeters, K.-M. (2004): Validation of CRM training by NOTECHS: Results
in PHARE
ASI Project. In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation Psychology: Practice
and Research, Ashgate, S. 291 - 297, ISBN 0754646175
Goeters, K.-M.; Maschke, P. (2004): Cost benefit analysis of pilot
selection: The economic value of psycholigical testing. In: K.-M.
Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation Psychology: Practice and Research, Ashgate, S.
203 - 208, ISBN 0754640175
Goeters, K.-M.; Maschke, P.; Eißfeldt, H. (2004): Ability
requirements in core aviation profession. Job analyses of airline pilots
and air traffic controllers. In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation
Psychology: Practice and Research, Ashgate, S. 99 - 119, ISBN 0754640175
Höft, S.; Pecena, Y. (2004): Behaviour-oriented evaluation of aviation
personnel: An assessment center approach. In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]:
Aviation Psychology. Practice and Research, Ashgate, S. 153 - 170, ISBN
0754640175
Hörmann, H.-J.; Banburry, S.; Dudfield, H.J.; Lodge, M.; Soll, H.
(2004): Effects of situation awareness training on flight crew
performance. In: Banburry, S.; Tremplay, S. [Hrsg.]: A cognitive
approach to situational awareness. Theory and application, Ashgate, S.
213 - 232, ISBN 0754641988
Hörmann, H.-J.; Soll, H. (2004): Training of situation awareness and
threat management techniques. In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation
Psychology: Practice and Research, Ashgate, S. 231 - 240, ISBN
0754640175
Huelmann, G.; Oubaid, V. (2004): Computer assisted testing (CAT) in
aviation psychology. In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation Psychology:
Practice and Research, Ashgate, S. 123 - 134, ISBN 0754640175
Johannes, B.; Salnitski, V.P. (2004): Integration of different autonomic
measures into common indicators of "Psychological Costs". In: K.-M.
Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation Psychology: Practice and Research, Ashgate, S.
327 - 342, ISBN
0754640175
Maschke, P. (2004): Personality evaluation of applicants in aviation.
In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation Psychology: Practice and Research,
Ashgate, S. 141 - 152, ISBN 0754640175
Maschke, P. (2004): The acceptance of ab initio pilot selection
methods. Human Factors and Aerospace Safety, 4 (3), S. 225 - 232
Maschke, P.; Goeters, K.-M. (2004): Ab-initio flight training and
airline pilot performance: Differences in job requirements. In: Edkins,
G.; Pfister, P. [Hrsg.]: Innovation and Consilidation in Aviation,
Ashgate, S. 179 - 195, ISBN 0754619990
Schuler, H.; Höft, S. (2004): Berufseignungsdiagnostik und
Personalauswahl. In: Schuler, H. [Hrsg.]: Organisationspsychologie -
Grundlagen und Personalpsychologie, Enzyklopädie der Psychologie Serie
III Wirtschaft-, Organistions- und Arbeitspsychologie, 3, Hogrefe, S.
439 - 532, ISBN 3801705692
Schuler, H.; Höft, S. (2004): Berufseignungsdiagnostik und
Personalauswahl. In: Schuler, H. [Hrsg.]: Lehrbuch
Organisationspsychologie, Huber, S. 289 - 343, ISBN 3456840195
Schuler, H.; Höft, S. (2004): Diagnose beruflicher Eignung und
Leistung. In: Schuler, H. [Hrsg.]: Lehrbuch Organisationspsychologie,
Huber, S. 439 - 532, ISBN 3456840195
Stelling, D. (2004): Psychological requirements and examination
guidelines in JAR-FCL 3. In: K.-M. Goeters [Hrsg.]: Aviation Psychology:
Practice and
Research, Ashgate, S. 301 - 326, ISBN 0754640175
Damitz, M.; Manzey, D.; Kleinmann, M.; Severin, K. (2003): Assessment
center
for pilot selection: Construct and criterion validity and the impact of
assessor type. Applied Psychology, 52 (2), S. 193 - 212
Funke, U.; Höft, S.; Meier, J. (2003): Ein firmenspezifisches
computergestütztes Potentialanalyseverfahren im Assessment Center einer
Landesbank. In: Höft, S.; Wolf, B. [Hrsg.]: Qualitätsstandards für
Personalentwicklung in Wirtschaft und Verwaltung, Assessment Center, 4,
Windmühlenverlag, S. 130 - 147, ISBN 3922789927
Höft, S. (2003): Rezension der "BPM - Bonner Postkorb-Module" von J.
Musch, B.
Rahn und W. Lieberei. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- u.
Organisationspsychologie, 47 (2), S. 104 - 108
Höft, S. (2003): Rezension des Brickenkamp Handbuchs psychologischer
und
pädagogischer Tests. (Buchbesprechung). Zeitschrift für
Personalpsychologie, 2
(3), S. 145 - 147
Höft, S.; Wolf, B. (2003): In: Höft, S.; Wolf, B. [Hrsg.]:
Qualitätsstandards
für Personalentwicklung in Wirtschaft und Verwaltung. Wie Konzepte
greifen,
Assessment Center, 4, Windmühlenverlag, S. 1 - 171, ISBN 3922789927
Höft, S.; Wolf, B. (2003): Qualitätsstandards für die
Personalentwicklung: Eine
Zusammenfassung. In: Höft, S.; Wolf, B. [Hrsg.]: Qualitätsstandards für
Personalentwicklung in Wirtschaft und Verwaltung. Wie Konzepte greifen,
Assessment Center, 4, Windmühlenverlag, S. 148 - 161, ISBN 3922789927
Johannes, B.; Salnitski, V.P.; Polyakov, V.V.; Kirsch, K.A. (2003):
Changes in the automatic reactivity pattern to psyhological load under
long-term microgravity - twelve men during 6-month spaceflight.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya
Meditsina, 37 (3), S. 6 - 16
Johannes, B.; Salnitski, V.P.; Thieme, K.; Kirsch, K.A. (2003):
Differences in the automatic pattern to psychological load in patiens
with hypertension and rheumatic diseases. Aviakosmicheskaya i
Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 37 (1), S. 28 - 42
Hörmann, H.-J.; Luo, X.-L. (2002): Empirical evaluation of a
selection system for chinese student pilots. Space Medicine & Medical
Engineering, 15 (1), S. 6 - 11
Oubaid, V. (2001): Independent measurement of emotional and sexual
jealousy: A comparison of studentical and non-studentical samples. In:
Riemann, R.; Spinath, F.M.; Ostendorf, F. [Hrsg.]: Personality and
temperament: Genetics, evolution, and structure, Pabst Scientific
Publisher, S. 2 - 18
Stelling, D. (2001): DCT - Dyadic Co-operation Test. In: Sarges, W.;
Wottawa, H. [Hrsg.]: Handbuch wirtschaftspsychologischer Testverfahren,
Pabst Science Publisher, S. 197 - 199, ISBN 3935357559
Manzey, D. (2000): Impairments of manual tracking performance during
spaceflight: more converging evidence from a 20-day space mission.
Ergonomics, 43 (5), S. 589 - 609
Eißfeldt, H., Heil, M. C. & Broach, D. (2002), Staffing the ATM
system - the selection of air traffic controllers. Aldershot:
Ashgate
Steininger, K,
Fichtbauer, S. & Goeters, K.-M. (1995), Personalentwicklung für komplexe
Mensch-Maschine-Systeme. Weinheim: Beltz, Psychologie Verlags Union
Höft, Stefan
(2001), Grundlagen einer persönlichkeitsorientierten Berufseignungsdiagnostik: Verhaltens- und berufsbezogene Aspekte des
Fünf-Faktoren-Modells der Persönlichkeit. Berlin: Dissertation.de
Stelling, D.
(1999), Teamarbeit in Mensch-Maschine-Systemen. Lehr- und
Forschungstexte Psychologie, Göttingen: Hogrefe
Goeters, K.-M. (Ed.) (1998), Aviation Psychology: A science and a
Profession. Aldershot: Ashgate
Last modification
29.01.2008 (Rh)
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